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		<title>Petunjuk Cara Belajar Jalan Pada Anak</title>
		<link>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2010/08/22/petunjuk-cara-belajar-jalan-pada-anak/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 22 Aug 2010 02:06:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Indonesian Children</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[*penanganan-terapi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[*perkembangan normal]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Petunjuk Cara Belajar Jalan Pada Anak]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://footclinic.wordpress.com/?p=393</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Petunjuk Cara Belajar Jalan Pada Anak Pada umumnya bayi menunjukkan kemampuan berjlan saat sekitar ulang tahun pertama, Tetapi sebenarnya kemampuan ini bervariasi antara  rentang usia 9-18 bulan. Jangan khawatir bila bayi Anda mengambil jalan memutar beberapa di sepanjang jalan. Beberapa kelompok anak tidak melalui fase duduk dan  merangkak, tetapi langsung berjalan. Fenomena ini sebenarnya normal. teta[pi keadaan [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=footclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6014132&amp;post=393&amp;subd=footclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 style="text-align:center;">Petunjuk Cara Belajar Jalan Pada Anak</h2>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src="http://images.waterfrontmedia.com/wte/cms/td-learning-to-walk.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="200" /></p>
<p><strong><img class="alignright" src="http://i.ebayimg.com/05/!Bjn(u6!!Wk~$(KGrHqUH-DcEtCL!lCV)BLUS0GKDMQ~~_35.JPG" alt="" width="300" height="299" /></strong></p>
<p><strong>Pada umumnya bayi menunjukkan kemampuan berjlan saat sekitar ulang tahun pertama, Tetapi sebenarnya kemampuan ini bervariasi antara  rentang usia 9-18 bulan. Jangan khawatir bila bayi Anda mengambil jalan memutar beberapa di sepanjang jalan. Beberapa kelompok anak tidak melalui fase duduk dan  merangkak, tetapi langsung berjalan. Fenomena ini sebenarnya normal. teta[pi keadaan ini sering terjadi pada anak dengan gangguan keseimbangan atau motorik kasar yang ringan. Yang penting pada tahap ini adalah bahwa anak Anda menggunakan lengan dan kaki bersama-sama untuk bergerak.</strong></p>
<p>Seorang bayi membutuhkan sekitar 1.000 jam praktek dari saat mereka berdiri tegak hingga dapat berjalan sendiri. Untuk membantu mempersiapkan berjalan pada anak. Dalam melakukan pembelajaran jalan pada anak sebaiknya orang tua harus bersikap sabar dan telaten. Jangan terlalu menuntut anak harus cepat bisa jalan, karena harus disadari kemampuan berjalan pada anak tidak sama. Orang tua boleh kawatir bila anak hingga usia 18 bulan belum bisa berjalan.</p>
<p><strong>Jika anak Anda melakukan salah satu dari berikut :</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Berguling-guling di lantai</li>
<li>berjalan  seperti Kepiting</li>
<li>bergeser  atau merayap</li>
<li>Panjat tangga dengan tangannya</li>
</ul>
<p>Lihatlah kemajuan anak Anda dengan cermat. Apakah bulan ini mengalami kemampuan yang lebih baik  dibanding bulan lalu? Apakah dapat mengangkat sedikit lebih dari tubuhnya dari tanah? Jika demikian, Anda punya tidak perlu khawatir. Jika pada akhir tahun pertama, ia tidak melakukan upaya untuk berkeliling entah bagaimana, berbicara dengan dokter Anda.</p>
<p><strong>Persiapan Berjalan Berjalan</strong></p>
<p><strong><img class="alignright" src="http://www.throughthelookingglass.org.au/cms/files/images/child%20learning%20to%20walk2.jpg" alt="" width="298" height="199" /></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Dari lahir:</strong><br />
Persyaratan paling penting untuk berjalan: otot punggung yang kuat, perkembangan  mengangkat bayi kepala mereka sambil berbaring pada perut mereka. Jadi membuat Anda yakin mendapatkan banyak waktu perut saat terjaga. Tempat mainan yang menarik dan benda-benda di luar jangkauan untuk motivasi.</li>
<li><strong>Setelah dia bisa duduk:</strong><br />
Bantuan berlatih keseimbangan dan mobilitas dengan menggelindingkan bola. Atau sering memberi  mainan di depannya dan bergerak dari sisi ke sisi, cara ini mendorong dia untuk bersandar. Ketika dia menerjang maju atau merangkak, dia akan mengembangkan kekuatan yang lebih di leher, punggung, kaki, dan lengan, serta pengendalian lebih pinggulnya - memungkinkan untuk mengangkat tubuhnya ke posisi berdiri yang aman.</li>
<li><strong>Setelah ia dapat berdiri:<br />
</strong>Biarkan dia berjalan di depan Anda sambil memegang tangannya  dan  berkala melepaskan satu tangan sehingga ia dapat melakukan belajar jalnnya dengan keseimbangan. Atau berdiri beberapa meter darinya dan akan merasa sangat bahagia ketika dia berdiri sendiri. Kejadian ini harius mendapatkan  dorongan dan pujian.</li>
<li><strong>Setelah ia dapat  bejalan</strong>  Setelah dia telah menguasai berdiri, ia mungkin mulai meninggalkan cetakan tangan ke seluruh rumah saat belajar jalan dengan kaki dan tangan yangbelepotan. Bantu dia dengan furnitur  yang kokoh supaya dia bisa membuat jalan melintasi ruangan. Dia mungkin belum bisa duduk dari posisi berdiri, yang dia ingin lakukan sebelum belajar berjalan sendiri. Bantu meringankan pantatnya ke bawah dengan tangan Anda, kemudian ia akan dapat duduk tanpa menyakiti pantatnya. </li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Pencegahan Keamanan </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Ketika bayi baru berjalan sangat mungkin mengalami banyak hal  lebih cepat dari yang Anda bayangkan</li>
<li>Hapus rendah meja dengan sudut tajam yang sulit untuk menutupi cukup baik untuk mencegah cedera. (Lecet di atas atau di alis sangat umum di antara anak-anak belajar berjalan bahwa dalam kamar rumah sakit darurat mereka disebut luka-meja kopi!)</li>
<li>Singkirkan perabot yang mudah mudah.</li>
<li>Jauhkan berbagai barang diantaranya  tali, karpet atau barang lain yang membuat anak ;lebih mudah tersandung.</li>
<li>Perhatikan keamanan tangga dan daerah lantai yang berseiko terjadi kecelakaan saat bayi anda belajar berjalan</li>
<li>Kunci semua peralatan  rumah tangga yang berpotensi membahayakan.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Apakah saya harus membeli baby walker ?</strong> </p>
<ul>
<li>Sebaiknya tidak digunakan,  Kanada telah melarang penjualan pejalan kaki, dan American Academy of Pediatrics mendukung larangan serupa di Amerika Serikat. Setiap tahun, ribuan anak-anak berakhir di rumah sakit karena cedera dari menggunakan alat bantu jalan, seperti menjatuhkan menuruni tangga atau mencapai kompor panas.  Bila telah membeli dalam pemakaiannya sebaiknya harus diawasi dengan ketat. Pemakaian baby walker tidak berhubungan dengan kaki bengkok, kaki berbentuk O atau jalan jinjit.</li>
<li>Kursi elip bukan cara belajar yang baik.Meskipun mereka memegang anak-anak dalam posisi tegak, mereka tidak membantu mereka belajar berjalan lebih cepat. Bahkan, perangkat ini bahkan mungkin menunda berjalan jika mereka digunakan terlalu sering. tubuh seorang anak tidak sejajar dengan benar ketika ia duduk di salah satu dari mereka. bayi Anda jauh lebih baik di lantai atau di sebuah boks.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Sepatu bayi pertama </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Saat  dalam ruangan, sebaiknya biarkan anak Anda berjalan-jalan tanpa alas kaki. Kakinya bisa ambil permukaan licin, seperti lantai kayu dan ubin, lebih baik.</li>
<li>Bila di luar ruangan sebaiknya memakai  sepasang sepatu.</li>
</ul>
<p>Tips membeli Sepatu untuk jalan awal pada bayi</p>
<ul>
<li>Jangan berbelanja sepatu  di pagi hari, sejak kaki tumbuh sekitar 5 persen pada akhir hari.</li>
<li>Anak Anda harus berdiri ketika Anda memeriksa cocok. Anda harus dapat menekan lebar penuh dengan ibu jari Anda di antara ujung sepatu dan ujung jari kakinya, dan harus ada cukup ruang di tumit untuk menekan kelingking Anda masuk </li>
<li> Biarkan berjalan tertatih-tatih ke sekeliling di toko sepatu selama lima menit, kemudian mengambil mereka dan melihat kakinya. </li>
<li>Perhatikan perkembangan dan pertubuhan kaki setiap  bulan karena akan  berkembang pesat pada tahap ini. Keadaan ini mungkin mengharuskan selalu berganti sepatu  dua sampai tiga bulan.</li>
<p><span style="text-align:center; display: block;"><a href="http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2010/08/22/petunjuk-cara-belajar-jalan-pada-anak/"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/uz_j1AKsHEY/2.jpg" alt="" /></a></span></ul>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Supported  by</strong><strong> </strong><strong><em> </em></strong></p>
<p> <img class="alignleft" src="http://www.thenannyforum.com/feet.jpg" alt="" width="199" height="160" /></p>
<p><strong><em>CHILDREN FOOT CLINIC ONLINE</em></strong></p>
<p><em>CLINIC FOR CHILDREN</em>  Yudhasmara Foundation</p>
<p>JL Taman Bendungan Asahan 5 Jakarta Indonesia 102010</p>
<p>phone : 62(021) 70081995 – 5703646</p>
<p><a href="http://childrenclinic.wordpress.com/"><strong>http://childrenclinic.wordpress.com/</strong></a></p>
<p><strong>Clinical and Editor in Chief :</strong></p>
<p><strong>WIDODO JUDARWANTO</strong><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>email : </strong><a href="mailto:judarwanto@gmail.com"><strong>judarwanto@gmail.com</strong></a><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Copyright © 2010, Children Foot Clinic Information Education Network. All rights reserved</strong></p>
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		<item>
		<title>Pemeriksaan Fisik Lutut : Cara Pemeriksaan, Foto dan Videonya</title>
		<link>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2010/08/22/pemeriksaan-fisik-lutut/</link>
		<comments>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2010/08/22/pemeriksaan-fisik-lutut/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 22 Aug 2010 01:25:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Indonesian Children</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[*pemeriksaan kelainan kaki]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Foto dan Videonya]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pemeriksaan Fisik Lutut]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pemeriksaan Fisik Lutut : Cara Pemeriksaan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://footclinic.wordpress.com/?p=385</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Pemeriksaan Fisik Lutut : Cara Pemeriksaan, Foto dan Videonya Pemeriksaan lutut di dunia kedokteran  dilakukan sebagai bagian dari serangkaian pemeriksaan fisik terhadap penderita kelainan kaki.  Pemeriksaan fisik ini terutama ditujukan pada pasien dengan lutut nyeri atau riwayat yang menunjukkan patologi dari sendi lutut . Beberapa tahapan pemeriksaan lutut adalah position/lighting/draping posisi / pencahayaan /  Inspeksi [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=footclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6014132&amp;post=385&amp;subd=footclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 style="text-align:center;"><span style="color:#ff0000;">Pemeriksaan Fisik Lutut : Cara Pemeriksaan, Foto dan Videonya</span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align:center;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><img src="http://www.emedx.com/emedx/diagnosis_information/diagnosis_information_image_files/knee_images/knee_exam_lachman.gif" alt="" width="288" height="202" /></span></h2>
<p><strong>Pemeriksaan lutut di dunia kedokteran  dilakukan sebagai bagian dari serangkaian pemeriksaan fisik terhadap penderita kelainan kaki.  Pemeriksaan fisik ini terutama ditujukan pada pasien dengan lutut nyeri atau riwayat yang menunjukkan patologi dari sendi lutut .</strong></p>
<p><strong>Beberapa tahapan pemeriksaan lutut adalah</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>position/lighting/draping posisi / pencahayaan / </li>
<li>Inspeksi</li>
<li>Palpasi</li>
<li>gerakan</li>
</ul>
<h2>Inspeksi dilakukan saat pasien sedang berdiri</h2>
<ul>
<li><a title="Baker's cyst" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker's_cyst&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhgCP08N9G6a8MTTPM2TmM0Azb4vPQ">Baker&#8217;s cyst</a> <a title="Baker's cyst" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker's_cyst&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhgCP08N9G6a8MTTPM2TmM0Azb4vPQ">Baker&#8217;s cyst</a></li>
<li><a title="Genu recurvatum" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genu_recurvatum&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhi4Fnf059dT5JPXbaSRkEsTVP3tiQ">genu recurvatum</a> <a title="Genu recurvatum" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genu_recurvatum&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhi4Fnf059dT5JPXbaSRkEsTVP3tiQ">genu recurvatum</a></li>
<li><a title="Valgus cacat" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgus_deformity&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhh5qqxG1yf7V3W4OCIWGPMH93NIqw">Valgus deformity</a> <a title="Valgus cacat" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgus_deformity&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhh5qqxG1yf7V3W4OCIWGPMH93NIqw">Valgus deformitas</a></li>
<li><a title="Varus cacat" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varus_deformity&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhgXFNE7tD5TXjzMl9K7n3arLcadCw">Varus deformity</a>  <a title="Varus cacat" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varus_deformity&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhgXFNE7tD5TXjzMl9K7n3arLcadCw">Varus deformitas</a> </li>
<li><a title="Kiprah" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhggyTepDbz1EbdEEZPpfscfQtoK-A">Gait</a> </li>
<li><a title="Antalgic kiprah" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalgic_gait&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhjLl7HkBX_f_BYGHIyEuzI2AcX4vg">antalgic gait</a> </li>
</ul>
<h2>Inspeksi dilakukan sambil telentang</h2>
<ul>
<li>Masses Misa</li>
<li>Scars Scars</li>
<li>Lesions Lesi</li>
<li>Signs of trauma/previous surgery Tanda-tanda trauma operasi / sebelumnya</li>
<li>Pembekan di  <a title="Fosa medial (halaman tidak ada)" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DMedial_fossa%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhjpjnvkk_4z9CHn_pP_lfGF7XWSxQ">medial fossa</a></li>
<li><a title="Eritema" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhjUTpbbA9pg4lW2nyrbIhUDbG1AWw">erythema</a> (redness) <a title="Eritema" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhjUTpbbA9pg4lW2nyrbIhUDbG1AWw">eritema</a> (kemerahan)</li>
<li>Muscle bulk and symmetry (atrophy  the quadriceps muscle &#8211; vastus medialis)</li>
<li>Displacement of the <a title="Tempurung lutut" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhhlQti7N70dApHVrx5SBgEmy-3yxA">patella</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>Palpasi</h2>
<p>Pemeriksaan  lutut yang sedang inflamasi adalah mengamati gejala dan tanda radang seperti  <a title="Pembengkakan (medis)" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swelling_(medical)&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhgtSJhM44dUS8b2Lvca2-A2uwEEEw"><em>tumor</em></a> (pembengkakan), <em>rubor</em> (kemerahan), <a title="Panas" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhgAQ-KzlPvQZHX4ylOorDNMW9vSTw"><em>kalor</em></a> (panas), <a title="Sakit" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhixg7bfkXbV4q3UR9D6GQerb5dgug"><em>dolor</em></a> (sakit). Pembengkakan dan kemerahan harus terbukti dengan pemeriksaan.  Nyeri diperoleh oleh sejarah dan panas dengan palpasi.</p>
<ul>
<li>Perubahan suhu</li>
<li>joint line tenderness</li>
<li><a title="Pencurahan pikiran" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effusion&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhh43E-EvaRFiKgP81SRQsQnpwfHSQ">Effusions</a> , test for <a title="Pencurahan pikiran" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effusion&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhh43E-EvaRFiKgP81SRQsQnpwfHSQ">Efusi</a> , menguji
<ul>
<li><a title="Patella keran (halaman tidak ada)" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPatellar_tap%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhjTPGNtcroJr_BGKXfzE8NmtWsanw">Patellar tap</a></li>
<li><a title="Ballottement" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballottement&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhizrVgOOOEmuldaplk1EziO-pZTPQ">Ballottement</a></li>
<li><a title="Bulge sign (halaman tidak ada)" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBulge_sign%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhiZ2PXrvYqW9ULlxgumzKDf7vlhGg">Bulge sign</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Pemeriksaan Ligamen</h3>
<ul>
<li>Anterior drawer sign</li>
<li>Posterior drawer sign</li>
<li>Lachman test (ACL) Lachman uji (ACL)</li>
<li><a title="Jaminan ligamen medial" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_collateral_ligament&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhgdjDwgSkSgVsMUO7G7JzxetDkRMw">Medial collateral ligament</a> <a title="Jaminan ligamen medial" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_collateral_ligament&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhgdjDwgSkSgVsMUO7G7JzxetDkRMw"> ligamen medial</a></li>
<li>Lateral collateral ligamen ligamen lateral</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><strong><span style="color:blue;font-size:large;">Lachman Test</span></strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Grade Manual Maneuver</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:x-small;">Normal laxity is 0</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:x-small;">Grade 1: Less than 0.5 cm of translation</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:x-small;">Grade 2: 0.5-1.0 cm of translation</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:x-small;">Grade 3: 1.0-1.5 cm of translation</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:x-small;"><strong>Steinmann Test</strong></span></p>
<h3>
<tbody></tbody>
<td width="100%" height="99"> </td>
<p>  <img src="http://img.medscape.com/fullsize/migrated/408/520/mos5701.ryu.fig04.jpg" alt="" width="221" height="417" /></h3>
<h3><img src="http://www.arthritis.co.za/images/knee%20examination%20b.jpg" alt="" width="475" height="192" /></h3>
<h3>Pemeriksaan meniskus tes</h3>
<ul>
<li><a title="McMurray uji" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMurray_test&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhh_aeosqET-lrC2fRXsONZnSaRF8w">McMurray test</a> <a title="McMurray uji" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMurray_test&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhh_aeosqET-lrC2fRXsONZnSaRF8w">McMurray uji</a></li>
<li><a title="Apley menggiling uji" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apley_grind_test&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhiwV0tXG8-af4IkvbupQjHlmWXuaw">Apley grind test</a> <a title="Apley menggiling uji" href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&amp;langpair=en%7Cid&amp;u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apley_grind_test&amp;rurl=translate.google.co.id&amp;twu=1&amp;usg=ALkJrhiwV0tXG8-af4IkvbupQjHlmWXuaw">Apley menggiling uji</a></li>
<span style="text-align:center; display: block;"><a href="http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2010/08/22/pemeriksaan-fisik-lutut/"><img src="http://img.youtube.com/vi/eRPvoNe9Aho/2.jpg" alt="" /></a></span></ul>
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		<title>Faciitis Plantaris, Nyeri Tumit Kronis yang Mengganggu</title>
		<link>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2010/01/23/fasciitis-plantaris-nyeri-tumit-kronis-yang-mengganggu/</link>
		<comments>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2010/01/23/fasciitis-plantaris-nyeri-tumit-kronis-yang-mengganggu/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 Jan 2010 17:56:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Indonesian Children</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[*kelainan kaki anak]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[*penanganan-terapi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[FASCIITIS PLANTARIS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NYERI TUMIT KRONIS YANG MENGGANGGU]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2010/01/23/fasciitis-plantaris-nyeri-tumit-kronis-yang-mengganggu/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Faciitis Plantaris, Nyeri Tumit Kronis yang Mengganggu Nyeri tumit atau fasciitis plantaris adalah sindroma nyeri tumit berhubungan dengan peradangan atau iritasi pada fascia plantaris. Fascia plantaris adalah bentuk ligament (jaringan yang menghubungakan dua tulang) di bawah kaki yang membentuk lengkungan (arkus). Berorigo pada tulang calcaneous (tulang tumit), dan berinsersio pada caput metatarsale I-V jari kaki [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=footclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6014132&amp;post=369&amp;subd=footclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2 style="text-align:center;"><span style="color:#ff0000;">Faciitis Plantaris, Nyeri Tumit Kronis yang Mengganggu</span></h2>
<p><img class="alignright" src="http://superaloe.com/images/foot_pain.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="400" /></p>
<p>Nyeri tumit atau fasciitis plantaris adalah sindroma nyeri tumit berhubungan dengan peradangan atau iritasi pada fascia plantaris. Fascia plantaris adalah bentuk ligament (jaringan yang menghubungakan dua tulang) di bawah kaki yang membentuk lengkungan (arkus). Berorigo pada tulang calcaneous (tulang tumit), dan berinsersio pada caput metatarsale I-V jari kaki dan membentuk lengkungan. Yang paling umum terjadi, cidera overuse yang berkenaan dengan arkus menyebabkan terjadinya peradangan fascia plantaris dengan kerobekan kecil pada daerah yang melekat pada tulang tumit. Cidera overuse dapat disebabkan oleh lamanya posisi berdiri, perubahan pada tingkat aktivitas (misalnya, karena terlalu bersemangat dalam menjalankan program latihan), peningkatan berat badan, lemahnya penyangga pada sepatu, dan cidera kaki. Ketegangan tendon Achilles (jaringan yang menghubungkan otot betis dengan tulang tumit) turut memberikan tekanan pada fascia plantaris dan ini sering dihubungkan dengan nyeri tumit. Secara khas, gejala-gejala permulaaan munculnya nyeri terjadi pada tumit bagian bawah selama beberapa langkah pertama pada waktu pagi atau setelah duduk pada waktu yang lama. Pada berkembangan gejala selanjutnya, nyeri dapat muncul pada setiap langkah dan terus-menerus.<br />
Pada kebanyakan masyarakat, fasciitis plantaris dapat hilang secara spontan atau dengan istirahat. Bagaimanapun, penyembuhannya membutuhkan waktu yang lama. Pada studi penelitian waktu penyembuhan rata-rata sampai 8 bulan.</p>
<p><strong>Terapi nonoperasi</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Program stretching pada fascianya, memakai sepatu penyangga, menghindari untuk bertelanjang kaki. Sering, NSAIDs (seperti aspirin atau ibuprofen) bisa membantu. Menggunakan penyangga arkus over-the-counter atau custom-fitted dapat mengurangi beberapa tekanan pada arkus dan memberikan fascia plantaris dapat sembuh dengan cepat. Pengangkat tumit atau bantalan tumit juga dapat diberikan.</li>
<li>Pemakaian splint/bandage diwaktu malam atau pembalut fiberglass. Pembalutan dilakukan pada posisi 90 derajat dari tungkai (seperti ketika berdiri), yang mencegahnya dari gerakan plantar fleksi. Terapi ini diaplikasikan ketika anda istirahat atau tidur, dapat memperbaiki gejala pada kebanyakan orang. Bahkan ketika semua terapi nonoperasi telah gagal. Biayanya, pembalutan dilakukan selama tiga minggu.<br />
Injeksi steroid ke tumit bisa mengurangi gejala kira-kira sepertiga dari para penderita. Bagaimanapun, terapi ini tidak tepat untuk setiap orang dan tidak boleh secara berulang-ulang. Injeksi yang terus-menerus dapat menyebabkan resiko kelemahan dan rupture pada fascia plantaris.</li>
<li>Modalitas fisioterapi seperti ultrasound, iontophoresis dan phonophoresis dapat membantu setengah dari penderita yang diterapi. Ultrasound high-impulse teknologi baru menjanjikan kepada penderita yang tidak mendapatkan yang lebih baik dari tipe-tipe terapi nonoperasi yang lain; alat ini akan lebih digunakan untuk masa mendatang.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Terapi operasi</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Jika gejala-gejala anda tidak mengalami perubahan dengan terapi nonoperasi dan terus berlangsung selama enam bulan sampai satu tahun, mungkin membutuhkan operasi.</li>
<li>Operasi biasanya dilakukan pada pasien rawat jalan. Dokter membuat incise tiga inchi dengan membuka bagian dalam dan tengah pada fascia plantaris dengan dengan tulang tumit. Kemudian, pasien memanjangkan pascia plantarisnya. Dokter bisa juga menghilangkan saraf plantaris dari jaringan yang menekannya jika saraf ini teriritasi.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Terapi pasca operasi</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Setelah operasi, memakai sepatu khusus dan memulai berjalan dengan hati-hati. Setelah enam minggu, biasanya anda dapat memakai sepatu biasa. Maksimal anda mendapatkan kemajuan kira-kira setelah tiga bulan. 75 persen dari penderita secara siknifikan mengalami kemajuan dengan terapi operasi.</li>
<li>Nyeri tumit membutuhkan waktu untuk penyembuhan, dan anda harus memakai sepatu penyangga, dibarengi dengan latihan khusus, dan menggunakan terapi yang lain. Secara kebetulan, kebanyakan penderita dengan fasciitis plantaris mendapatkan kesembuhan yang komplet tanpa operasi.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Daftar Pustaka;<br />
</strong>Gill L, Kiebzak G. Outcome of nonsurgical treatment for plantar fasciitis. Foot Ankle Int. 1996;17(9):527-532.<br />
Wolgin M, Cook C, Graham C, Mauldin D. Conservative treatment of plantar heel pain: long-term follow-up. Foot Ankle Int. 1994;15(3):97-102.</p>
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		<title>Apakah Kaki Anakku Normal</title>
		<link>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2010/01/23/apakah-kaki-anakku-normal/</link>
		<comments>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2010/01/23/apakah-kaki-anakku-normal/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 Jan 2010 14:23:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Indonesian Children</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[*kelainan kaki anak]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[*perkembangan normal]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Apakah Kaki Anakku Normal]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Apakah Kaki Anakku Normal Orangtua sebaiknya memperhatikan cara anak berjalan. Jika orangtua melihat cara berjalannya lucu dan tidak seperti balita lainnya, maka tak ada salahnya untuk memeriksakan kondisi tulang kakinya. Cara berjalan anak balita sangat beragam, ada yang berjalan dengan kedua kaki mengangkang, memutar telapak kakinya ke dalam (seperti huruf O), memutar telapak kakinya keluar [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=footclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6014132&amp;post=367&amp;subd=footclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Apakah Kaki Anakku Normal</p>
<p>Orangtua sebaiknya memperhatikan cara anak berjalan. Jika orangtua melihat cara berjalannya lucu dan tidak seperti balita lainnya, maka tak ada salahnya untuk memeriksakan kondisi tulang kakinya.</p>
<p>Cara berjalan anak balita sangat beragam, ada yang berjalan dengan kedua kaki mengangkang, memutar telapak kakinya ke dalam (seperti huruf O), memutar telapak kakinya keluar (seperti huruf X) dan berjalan jinjit.</p>
<p>Sebagian besar cacat kaki pada anak terabaikan kecuali sudah sangat berat sehingga anak mulai mengeluh. Kebanyakan bentuk kaki yang tidak normal pada balita akan kembali lurus dengan sendirinya hingga usia tertentu.</p>
<p>Menurut The Baby Book karangan Willian and Martha Sears, terdapat beberapa perkembangan normal untuk telapak kaki dan kaki balita, yaitu:</p>
<p>1. Bayi memiliki kaki bengkok sejak lahir hingga anak belajar berjalan.</p>
<p>2. Telapak kaki di putar ke dalam (seperti huruf O) hingga usia 2 tahun, jika tidak ada kelainan maka kaki akan kembali normal.</p>
<p>3. Telapak kaki di putar ke luar (seperti huruf X) mulai usia 3 tahun hingga maksimal anak berusia 7 tahun. Jika tidak ada kelainan, maka anak akan kembali berjalan normal.</p>
<p>4. Anak yang obesitas cenderung memiliki bentuk kaki O, ini dikarenakan kaki harus menopang berat badannya yang berlebih. Kaki anak bisa kembali normal jika anak melakukan diet sejak usia balita.</p>
<p>Jika sampai usia tersebut bayi tidak juga berjalan normal, maka orangtua bisa melakukan pemeriksaan sendiri terlebih dahulu. Caranya dengan menidurkan bayi dan posisi kakinya diluruskan lalu amati apakah kakinya simetris atau tidak, adakah bentuk tulang yang agak bengkok, perhatikan panjang dari kaki anak dan apakah anak suka tersandung jika sedang berlari.</p>
<p>Setelah ditemukan adanya tanda-tanda ketidaknormalan, sebaiknya orangtua membawa anak ke ahli ortopedik agar masih bisa disembuhkan. Dokter biasanya akan mencari tahu terlebih dahulu apa yang menyebabkan kelainan tersebut. Biasanya kelainan bentuk kaki O disebabkan karena bagian bawah kaki yang menekuk ke dalam (internal tibial torsion/ITT) atau karena adanya tulang kaki bagian atas yang menekuk ke dalam. Perawatan yang diberikan adalah berupa terapi. Pada sejumlah perawatan, anak akan diberi penahan agar telapak kaki tidak memutar ke dalam atau luar yang diletakkan pada sepatu khusus.</p>
<p>Selain itu hindari anak tidur dengan posisi meringkuk, jangan biarkan anak duduk dengan posisi kaki ditekuk ke belakang dan ditindih, usahakan anak duduk dengan posisi kaki bersila atau diluruskan ke depan serta biasakan anak duduk dan tidur dalam posisi yang benar untuk mengurangi risiko bentuk kaki yang cacat. Jika kelainan ini bisa diketahui secara dini dan dapat segera ditolong, maka bisa mencegah terjadinya masalah ortopedi lainnya dikemudian hari. Selain itu anak tidak akan menjadi malu karena penampilannya berbeda dari anak-anak lain</p>
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			<media:title type="html">INDONESIA CHILDREN</media:title>
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		<title>Treatment of In-toeing and Genu Varus in an Infant</title>
		<link>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/treatment-of-in-toeing-and-genu-varus-in-an-infant/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2009 11:16:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Indonesian Children</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[treatment-intervention]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Treatment of In-toeing and Genu Varus in an Infant]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[The review of the literature will report on orthopedic development problems of the lower extremities in children and current treatment techniques, a review of vaccination protocols during infancy and the potential side-effects. The review will conclude with an explanation of Integrative Manual Therapy, assessment tools and general treatment techniques for the lower extremity. Orthopedic development [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=footclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6014132&amp;post=355&amp;subd=footclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:left;">
The review of the literature will report on orthopedic development problems of the lower extremities in children and current treatment techniques, a review of vaccination protocols during infancy and the potential side-effects. The review will conclude with an explanation of Integrative Manual Therapy, assessment tools and general treatment techniques for the lower extremity.</p>
<p><strong>Orthopedic development problems of the lower extremities</strong><br />
Christensen (2001) reported that the most common orthopedic problems in toddlers include in-toeing, genu-valgus, genu-varus, and pes planus. It was also reported that in most cases these conditions resolve spontaneously (Christenson 2001), improves without any treatment at all (American Academy of Family Physicians, 1994), improves with growth (Palastagna, Field &amp; Soames, 1989), usually diminishes by the time the child reaches school (The Disney Encyclopedia of Children’s Health, 2001). Most reports indicate that observation is the best form of assessment and treatment for any of these conditions and that the need for further interventions should be addressed later in youth between ages 7 and 10.<br />
In-toeing is a position where the feet are pointing inward, sometimes referred to as ‘pigeon-toed’. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians (1994) in-toeing is caused by three possible sources: metatarsus adductus, internal tibial torsion or excessive femoral anteversion. According to the Midwest Orthopedic Surgeon group (2001), the etiologic cause for these problems are familial history or positioning in the womb with the child not having enough room.<br />
Metatarsus adductus or metatarsus varus is a curve of the foot in which the “forepart rotates outward away from the midline of the body and the heel remains straight” (Mosby, 1994, p. 987). The foot has a kidney bean shape and there is usually a crease on the inside of the foot by the arch (Midwest Orthopedic Surgeons, 2001). Metatarsus adductus is common from birth to eighteen months and in most cases is resolved without treatment. Stretching and/or special shoes is the common treatment if the condition persists, and less frequently a short series of serial casting (American Academy of Family Physicians, 1994; Midwest Orthopedic Surgeons, 2001).<br />
Internal tibial torsion is a “medial twisting rotation of the tibia on its longitudinal axis” (Mosby, 1994, p. 1556). It is often accompanied by metatarsus adductus and occurs between 12 months to 3 years when the child begins ambulating. Midwest Orthopedic Surgeons (2001) report that in 95% of the cases the torsion is corrected without treatment. The remaining cases are treated using Dennis Browne night splints or special shoes.<br />
Excess femoral anteversion is the inward twist of the femur. The American Academy of Family Physicians (1994) indicates that excess femoral anteversion occurs between ages 2 and 4 and is aggravated by W-sitting. They also report that braces or shoes do not help improve this condition and in most cases it resolves on its own. When not corrected, surgical intervention is performed to cut the bone and twist it outward.<br />
Genu valgus or knock-kneed is “a deformity in which the legs are curved inward so that the knees are close together, knocking as the person walks, with the ankles widely separated” (Mosby, 1994, p. 666). Genu varus or bow-leg is “a deformity in which one or both legs are bent outward at the knee” (Mosby, 1994, p. 666). Genu varus is typically seen in infants from 12 to 18 months of age when they begin to ambulate and tend to straighten out toward the middle of the second year. Genu valgus develops during the third year and diminishes by school age. Christenson (2001) sites a 1989 study by Gould on the development of arches in toddlers 11 to 14 months up to five years of age. One finding of this study was that of 52 children, 92.3 percent of the five year olds had genu valgus.<br />
Pes planus or flat feet “an abnormal but relatively common condition characterized by the flattening out of the arch of the foot” (Mosby, 1994, p. 1201).<br />
Pes planus is generally present in infants at age one and development of arches occurring from that time on. Treatment may include a corrective molded firm shoe insert between the ages of two and six years.</p>
<p><strong>Integrative Manual Therapy</strong><br />
Integrative Manual Therapy (IMT), developed by Sharon (Weiselfish) Giammatteo, PhD, PT, IMP,C, is the combination of structural and functional rehabilitation (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1999). Structural rehabilitation utilizes manual therapy to correct biomechanics of the spine, extremities, organs and vasculature, improve structural integrity and progresses individuals in the process of normalization. Functional rehabilitation restores optimal potential for everyday functions of the client.<br />
IMT uses an Integrated Systems Approach (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1998) to address the person from a holistic view. This approach looks at all systems within the body to determine the cause-effect of the pathology presented. Integrative Diagnostics (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1998) is used as a tool to determine the primary cause and relationships of structural dysfunctions and impairments.<br />
Myofascial Mapping (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1983) is an assessment technique to find a site of neuro-muscular dysfunction. Positive mapping over a tissue site indicates the need for intervention with manual therapy. Manual therapy treatment of the lower extremity may include, but is not limited to various Integrative Manual Therapy Techniques including Jones Strain and Counterstrain (1995) to decrease the hypertonic muscles, Advanced Strain and Counterstrain (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1997) to decrease hypertonicity of the vascular system, Muscle Energy and ‘Beyond’ Techniques (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1998) to improve the vertical dimension of the joint space, Compression Syndromes and Osseous Torsion Techniques (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1998) to address brain-stem protective mechanisms within the structure (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1998) to reveal Immune Deficiency Motility, Bone Bruise motilities as well as Disruptions of Membrane within the tissue. These motilities and a Disruption of Membrane have been defined by Weiselfish-Giammatteo (1998) and Lowen and Weiselfish-Giammatteo and Giammatteo (1997).</p>
<p><strong><em>Procedure</em></strong><br />
Destini was evaluated and treated for two sessions with a total contact time of 4 hours. Two therapists evaluated and treated the 13-month old child using Integrative Diagnostics and Integrative Manual Therapy techniques (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1983).</p>
<p>Evaluation:<br />
The assessment of static and dynamic postures revealed the following:<br />
Genu varus deformities bilaterally standing/supine (pictures taken and will follow).<br />
Toeing-in of both feet, left greater than right standing/supine (pictures taken and will follow).<br />
Hypertonicity of the musculature of both anterior thighs, left greater than right.<br />
Decreased joint mobility of both lower extremities.<br />
Decreased uncompensated ranges of motion of both lower extremities (see goniometric measurements pre- and post- at end of section).<br />
Positive Myofascial Mapping (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1983) over anterior legs indicating involvment of the medullary cavities of bilateral lower extremities.<br />
Positive Myofascial Mapping of both lower extremities, especially left thigh greater than right. “Positive Myofascial Mapping indicates neuromusculoskeletal dysfunction which indicates the need for Manual Therapy” (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1983 p.13).<br />
Positive recoil/tension tests for thigh compression syndromes bilaterally (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1998).<br />
Subjective history was provided by Destini’s mother who indicated that the doctor wanted to apply bracing to both legs to correct the genu varus deformities. The mother also indicated that Destini receives vaccination injections in her thighs, one in the right and two in the left each time she goes to the doctor.</p>
<p><em>Treatment</em>:<br />
Recoil/tension tests for thigh Compression Syndromes were administered bilaterally for the following nerves: posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, tibial nerve, and common peroneal nerve. There was moderate to severe response in the recoil/tension tests for both lower extremities, left greater than right. The following techniques were administered:<br />
Thigh Compression Syndromes.<br />
Osseous Torsion Techniques for bilateral femurs, tibias, and fibulas.<br />
Osseous Compression Syndromes for bilateral femurs, tibias, and fibulas.<br />
Medullary Cavity Techniques for the right tibia and fibula.</p>
<p>The above techniques were developed by Sharon Weiselfish-Giammatteo, Ph.D., P.T. (1998) and are taught in the course Lower Extremity Compression Syndromes. As a result of administering the above techniques, aberrant ‘motilities’ (‘motility’ is a biologic circadian rhythm) for Immune Deficiency Motility and ‘bone bruises’ were palpated in the thighs and legs. Lowen and Weiselfish-Giammatteo defined a ‘bone bruise’ according to clinical presentation in 1997. Sharon Weiselfish-Giammatteo (1998) defined Immune Deficiency Motility. The techniques to correct these motilities were applied to the areas that presented them clinically. These techniques are presented at DCR and Therapeutic Horizon courses. The recoil/tension tests for thigh Compression Syndromes presented as mild after treatment. The pre- and post- photos also document the progress in reducing the genu varus deformities secondary to treatment.</p>
<p><em>Range of Motion Measurements</em><br />
Pre-testing: Uncompensated ranges of motion before techniques to correct bilateral genu varus:<br />
Hip flexion: Right 48 degrees; Left 30 degrees<br />
Hip abduction: Right 35 degrees; Left 33 degrees<br />
Hip adduction: Right minus 10 degrees; Left minus 16 degrees<br />
Hip internal rotation: Right 15 degrees; Left 27 degrees<br />
Hip external rotation: Right 40 degrees; Left 32 degrees<br />
SLR: Right 20 degrees; Left 33 degrees<br />
Knee flexion: Right 98 degrees; Left 85 degrees<br />
Knee extension: Right minus 30 degrees; Left minus 10 degrees<br />
Ankle Dorsiflexion: Right minus 20 degrees Left minus 30 degrees</p>
<p>Post-testing: Uncompensated ranges of motion after treatment :<br />
Hip flexion: Right 125 degrees; Left 105 degrees<br />
Hip abduction: Right 40 degrees; Left 57 degrees<br />
Hip adduction: Right 16 degrees; Left 5 degrees<br />
Hip internal rotation: Right 33 degrees; Left 38 degrees<br />
Hip external rotation: Right 60 degrees; Left 52 degrees<br />
SLR: Right 88 degrees; Left 65 degrees<br />
Knee flexion: Right 120 degrees; Left 110 degrees<br />
Knee extension: Right 0 degrees; Left minus 10 degrees<br />
Ankle Dorsiflexion: Right minus 20 degrees; Left minus 18 degrees</p>
<p>The results of the treatment were:<br />
a. increased joint mobility of both lower extremities<br />
b. increased uncompensated ranges of motion<br />
c. decreased hypertonicity of both lower extremities<br />
d. reduction in genu varus deformity in supine position<br />
e. improved gait pattern<br />
f. decreased toeing-in of right foot in standing</p>
<p><em>Home Program</em>:<br />
Client’s mother was instructed to take future vaccination injection sites to her child’s ureters with Neurofascial Process (NFP) for drainage of toxins. Neurofascial Process is a course taught at DCR and was developed in 1986 by Weiselfish-Giammatteo.<br />
Recommendations for IMT to attain further increases in ranges of motion for both lower extremities would be:<br />
Jones’ Strain and Counterstrain Technique (1995) to eliminate/reduce<br />
muscle spasm for: pelvic, knee, and foot/ankle dysfunctions.<br />
3-Planar Myofascial Release and Tendon Release Therapy as warranted (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1983).<br />
Lower Extremity Compression Syndrome techniques as warranted (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1998).<br />
Medullary Cavity Techniques for long bones in extremities (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1998).<br />
Techniques to correct anterior subluxation of talus bilaterally (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1998).<br />
Assess for descended sacrum and administer techniques to correct if warranted (Weiselfish-Giammatteo, 1998).</p>
<p> </p>
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		<title>IRRITABLE HIP</title>
		<link>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/irritable-hip/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2009 11:11:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Indonesian Children</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[disease foot]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IRRITABLE HIP]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[This is the commonest cause of hip pain or limping in a young child. The peak age group is 3-8 years. Although this is a hip condition, in about 30% of cases the pain may initially be felt in the knee or the thigh. The underlying pathology in this condition is formation of fluid under [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=footclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6014132&amp;post=352&amp;subd=footclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is the commonest cause of hip pain or limping in a young child. The peak age group is 3-8 years. Although this is a hip condition, in about 30% of cases the pain may initially be felt in the knee or the thigh.</p>
<p>The underlying pathology in this condition is formation of fluid under tension (effusion) within the hip joint. The exact cause of this effusion is unknown, but viral infections, minor trauma or allergy have been implicated.</p>
<p><span style="color:#000066;"><strong>Diagnosis</strong></span> is usually made on clinical grounds. The affected hip is generally irritable on movement but relatively comfortable when the hip is kept in the position of flexion and abduction. Signs of sepsis such as high temperature, rapid pulse, flushing, limb swelling or erythaema are notably absent.</p>
<p>Best method of investigation is ultrasound of the hip to confirmed the presence of the effusion and blood tests to rule out rise in inflammatory markers. Plain radiographs of the hips is also taken to exclude rare associations such as Perthes&#8217; disease. Radiographs may occasionally confirm presence of an effusion by showing a subtle medial joint space widening.</p>
<p><span style="color:#000066;"><strong>Treatment</strong></span>. Irritable hip is a benign and self-limiting condition. In most cases it spontaneously resolves within 48-72 hours. During the painful episode rest is advisable and this could be done at home. Other than anti-inflammatory drugs no other treatment is usually required.</p>
<p>If symptoms fail to resolve within the 48-72 hours or there is deterioration of general condition, urgent specialist review is necessary.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Joint Space Widening</span></strong></p>
<p><img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/irritable_hip_2.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="224" /></p>
<hr noshade="noshade" />
<strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Effusion In Affected Hip</span></strong></p>
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<p><strong>Clinical and Editor in Chief :</strong></p>
<p><strong>DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO</strong><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>email : </strong><a href="mailto:judarwanto@gmail.com"><strong>judarwanto@gmail.com</strong></a><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
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<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>                                                                                                             </strong></p>
<p>Information on this web site is provided for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. You should not use the information on this web site for diagnosing or treating a medical or health condition. You should carefully read all product packaging. If you have or suspect you have a medical problem, promptly contact your professional healthcare provider.<strong></strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Copyright © 2009, Clinic For Children Information Education Network. All rights reserved.</strong></p>
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		<title>GROWING PAINS</title>
		<link>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/growing-pains/</link>
		<comments>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/growing-pains/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2009 11:05:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Indonesian Children</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[disease foot]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[GROWING PAINS children]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[This is a common condition, especially in the age group of 3-10 years. Classically symptoms are worse at nights. Usually the child wakes up in the middle of the night complaining of pain in both legs or knees. After a short period of massage and rubbing the painful area, symptoms resolve and the child goes [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=footclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6014132&amp;post=343&amp;subd=footclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is a common condition, especially in the age group of 3-10 years. Classically symptoms are worse at nights. Usually the child wakes up in the middle of the night complaining of pain in both legs or knees. After a short period of massage and rubbing the painful area, symptoms resolve and the child goes back to sleep. In the day time symptoms are uncommon.</span></p>
<p>The exact cause of growing pains is unknown. It has been postulated that skeletal growth which mainly takes part at night, increases the limb length and this increases the stress on the soft tissues which tend to lag behind in growth.</p>
<p>Growing pains is a diagnosis of exclusion. Mode of presentation, age of the child and bilateral nature of the symptoms are strongly suggestive. However, thorough clinical examination and plain radiographs are needed to exclude rare but serious conditions such as tumours or infection which could mimic growing pains.</p>
<p>Treatment for this condition is symptomatic. Regular stretching exercises and a short course of mild painkillers at night could be helpful. In the long-term this condition spontaneously resolves.</p>
<p align="justify"> </p>
<p align="justify"><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><strong>Stretching Exercises </strong></span></p>
<p><img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/achilles_stretching.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="148" /></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Supported  by</strong><strong><br />
</strong><strong><em>CLINIC FOR CHILDREN</em></strong><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Yudhasmara Foundation</strong><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>JL Taman Bendungan Asahan 5 Jakarta Indonesia 102010</strong></p>
<p><strong>phone : 62(021) 70081995 – 5703646</strong><strong></strong></p>
<p><a href="http://childrenclinic.wordpress.com/"><strong>http://childrenclinic.wordpress.com/</strong></a><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Clinical and Editor in Chief :</strong></p>
<p><strong>DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO</strong><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>email : </strong><a href="mailto:judarwanto@gmail.com"><strong>judarwanto@gmail.com</strong></a><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>                                                                                                             </strong></p>
<p>Information on this web site is provided for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. You should not use the information on this web site for diagnosing or treating a medical or health condition. You should carefully read all product packaging. If you have or suspect you have a medical problem, promptly contact your professional healthcare provider.<strong></strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Copyright © 2009, Clinic For Children Information Education Network. All rights reserved.</strong></p>
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		<title>APOPHYSITIS IN CHILDREN</title>
		<link>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/apophysitis/</link>
		<comments>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/apophysitis/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2009 10:56:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Indonesian Children</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[disease foot]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[APOPHYSITIS in children]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[In a child or skeletally immature adolescent, tendons insert into bone through a specialised cartilaginous tissue called apophysis. This tissue ossifies and turns into bone when skeletal maturity is reached in the adolescence. Osgood-Sclatter&#8217;s Disease   Supported  by CLINIC FOR CHILDREN  Yudhasmara Foundation  JL Taman Bendungan Asahan 5 Jakarta Indonesia 102010 phone : 62(021) 70081995 [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=footclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6014132&amp;post=344&amp;subd=footclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In a child or skeletally immature adolescent, tendons insert into bone through a specialised cartilaginous tissue called apophysis. This tissue ossifies and turns into bone when skeletal maturity is reached in the adolescence.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;"><img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/apophysis.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="222" /> </span></strong></span></p>
<hr noshade="noshade" /><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Osgood-Sclatter&#8217;s Disease </span></strong></span><br />
<hr noshade="noshade" /><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
<img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/apophysitis_2.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="155" /></span></p>
<div>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Supported  by</strong><strong><br />
</strong><strong><em>CLINIC FOR CHILDREN</em></strong><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Yudhasmara Foundation</strong><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>JL Taman Bendungan Asahan 5 Jakarta Indonesia 102010</strong></p>
<p><strong>phone : 62(021) 70081995 – 5703646</strong><strong></strong></p>
<p><a href="http://childrenclinic.wordpress.com/"><strong>http://childrenclinic.wordpress.com/</strong></a><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Clinical and Editor in Chief :</strong></p>
<p><strong>DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO</strong><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>email : </strong><a href="mailto:judarwanto@gmail.com"><strong>judarwanto@gmail.com</strong></a><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>                                                                                                             </strong></p>
<p>Information on this web site is provided for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. You should not use the information on this web site for diagnosing or treating a medical or health condition. You should carefully read all product packaging. If you have or suspect you have a medical problem, promptly contact your professional healthcare provider.<strong></strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Copyright © 2009, Clinic For Children Information Education Network. All rights reserved.</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<p>During growth spurt apophyses are vulnerable to traction injury (micr</p>
<div><span style="color:#000000;">o-avulsion). Clinically this may manifest itself as painful or prominent apophyses. Positive family history, obesity and strenuous activity are some of the predisposing factors.</span></div>
<p><span style="color:#000000;">The most frequent site for apophysitis is the tibial tubercle, which is also referred as Osgood-Schlatter&#8217;s disease. Other common sites are the heel (Sever&#8217;s disease) and medial aspect of the foot (navicular apophysitis). Rarely the hip may also be affected.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#000066;">Treatment</span></strong> for this condition is generally symptomatic. During the active phase, reduction in the level of activity and mild painkillers are recommended. During remission normal activities could be commenced with caution. Rarely for severe symptoms shoe inserts or casting could be tried.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#000066;">Prognosis</span></strong> for most cases of apophysitis is excellent in the long-term. This condition spontaneously heals when skeletal growth ceases in the late adolescence. Unfortunately during the active phase of the disease which may last a number of years, intermittent symptoms are expected. In an active sporting child this could become a great nuisance and necessitate reduction in level of activity until resolution of symptoms occurs in late teens.</p>
<p></span></p>
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		<title>SLIPPED UPPER FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS</title>
		<link>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/slipped-upper-femoral-epiphysis/</link>
		<comments>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/slipped-upper-femoral-epiphysis/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2009 10:54:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Indonesian Children</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[disease foot]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SLIPPED UPPER FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[This is the commonest cause of hip pain in the adolescent age group (10-15 years). Males are more frequently affected than females by 2:1. It may be bilateral in 30% of cases. Positive family history, obesity and hormonal abnormalities such as hypogonadism, hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism are well known associations. The pathology is a stress fracture [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=footclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6014132&amp;post=341&amp;subd=footclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is the commonest cause of hip pain in the adolescent age group (10-15 years). Males are more frequently affected than females by 2:1. It may be bilateral in 30% of cases. Positive family history, obesity and hormonal abnormalities such as hypogonadism, hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism are well known associations.</p>
<p>The pathology is a stress fracture through the upper femoral growth plate resulting in a progressive slip of the femoral head over the femoral neck. The affected limb shortens and externally rotates as the deformity increases with time.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#000066;">The Natural History. </span></strong><span style="color:#000066;"><span style="color:#000000;">I</span></span><span style="color:#000000;">f </span>this condition is left untreated it may result in severe limb shortening, fixed external rotation and stiffness of the hip. This may then be followed by early onset of osteoarthritis in adulthood. In a small number of cases sudden catastrophic failure of the growth plate may occur, resulting in severe deformity and loss of blood supply to the femoral head (avascular necrosis) with serious long-term sequelae.</p>
<p>In most cases the condition presents with a limp and pain in the hip or groin. However, in 30% of cases the pain may initially be referred to the knee or the thigh creating diagnostic difficulties. To avoid a missed or late diagnosis, it is vital to take radiographs of the hips as well as the knees in any adolescent presenting with thigh or knee pain.</p>
<p>N.B. In this condition the hip radiographs should routinely include 2 views at right angles as in the early stages the classical AP view may appear to be normal . The lateral view usually reveals the slipped epiphysis (see the top radiographs). </span><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></p>
<p><span style="color:#000066;"><strong>Treatment</strong></span> of choice for this condition is insertion of a single cannulated screw percutaneously under X-ray control. With modern techniques this could be achieved using a small stab incision. Postoperative recovery is generally rapid, but a period of protected weigh-bearing with crutches for 6 weeks is recommended.</p>
<p>For severe slips additional procedures in form of open reduction or corrective osteotomies may be necessary. Fortunately this a rare occurrence, especially if this condition has been picked up early before severe deformities have developed.</p>
<p><span style="color:#000066;"><strong>Prophylactic Fixation</strong></span> of the unaffected hip is a common point of debate. It is recognised that in 30% of cases, slips may occur in both hips.</p>
<p>Onset of symptoms in the unaffected side indicates the need for prophylactic screw fixation. My current practice is also to fix the unaffected hip in cases associated with hormonal abnormalities.<span style="color:#000066;"><strong></p>
<p>Prognosis</strong></span> of this condition is dependent on the severity and the stability of the slip.</p>
<p>A stable slip is defined as a slip were the individual is able to weight-bear on the affected limb. In unstable slips weight-bearing is not possible due to the severity of symptoms. In general stable slips with slip angles of less than 30° carry excellent long-term prognosis when treated appropriately.</p>
<p>Unstable slips or slips more than 50° carry a more guarded prognosis. Occasionally these cases are complicated by conditions such as avascular necrosis (loss of blood supply to the femoral head) or chondrolysis (loss of cartilage of the head of femur). These complications cause severe deformity or stiffness in the affected hip and result in early osteoarthritis.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis</span></strong></p>
<p><img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/sufe_3.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="169" /></p>
<p></span></p>
<hr noshade="noshade" /><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Threthowan Sign </span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/sufe_2.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="172" /><br />
</span></p>
<hr noshade="noshade" /><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Clinical Features </span></strong></p>
<p> <img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/sufe_1.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="130" /><br />
</span></p>
<hr noshade="noshade" /><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Catastrophic Unstable Slip</span></strong></p>
<p><img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/sufe_6.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="226" /><br />
</span></p>
<hr noshade="noshade" /><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Screw Stabilisation Under X-Ray Control</span></strong></p>
<p><img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/sufe_4.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="132" /></p>
<p><img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/sufe_5.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="212" /><br />
</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Supported  by</strong><strong><br />
</strong><strong><em>CLINIC FOR CHILDREN</em></strong><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Yudhasmara Foundation</strong><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>JL Taman Bendungan Asahan 5 Jakarta Indonesia 102010</strong></p>
<p><strong>phone : 62(021) 70081995 – 5703646</strong><strong></strong></p>
<p><a href="http://childrenclinic.wordpress.com/"><strong>http://childrenclinic.wordpress.com/</strong></a><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Clinical and Editor in Chief :</strong></p>
<p><strong>DR WIDODO JUDARWANTO</strong><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>email : </strong><a href="mailto:judarwanto@gmail.com"><strong>judarwanto@gmail.com</strong></a><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>                                                                                                             </strong></p>
<p>Information on this web site is provided for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. You should not use the information on this web site for diagnosing or treating a medical or health condition. You should carefully read all product packaging. If you have or suspect you have a medical problem, promptly contact your professional healthcare provider.<strong></strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong>Copyright © 2009, Clinic For Children Information Education Network. All rights reserved.</strong></p>
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		<title>PERTHES&#8217; DISEASE IN CHILDREN</title>
		<link>http://footclinic.wordpress.com/2009/09/11/perthes-disease/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Sep 2009 10:52:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Indonesian Children</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[disease foot]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[PERTHES' DISEASE IN CHILDREN]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Perthes&#8217; disease is avascular necrosis of the femoral head of unknown aetiology. The interruption of the blood supply to the femoral head results in collapse, fragmentation and progressive deformity of the hip joint. It affects the age groups 4-10 years. Males are more frequently affected than females by 4:1 and it is bilateral in 25% [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=footclinic.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6014132&amp;post=339&amp;subd=footclinic&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perthes&#8217; disease is avascular necrosis of the femoral head of unknown aetiology. The interruption of the blood supply to the femoral head results in collapse, fragmentation and progressive deformity of the hip joint. It affects the age groups 4-10 years. Males are more frequently affected than females by 4:1 and it is bilateral in 25% of cases.</p>
<p>A child suffering from this condition usually presents with hip pain or a limp. However, in 30% of cases the pain may initially be referred to the thigh or the knee. This could on occasions result in missed or delayed diagnosis, especially if the hips are not radiographed routinely in a child with knee or thigh pain.</p>
<p>Perthes&#8217; disease is recognised to undergo a number of well defined radiological stages i.e. necrosis, fragmentation, healing and remodelling stages.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#000066;">The Natural History</span></strong> of untreated Perthes&#8217; disease is eventual healing and revascularisation of the necrotic femoral head within 2-3 years. In 75% of the cases the healing process results in a round congruent hip joint with good to excellent outcome in the long-term. In these cases no treatment other than careful follow-up is necessary.</p>
<p></span><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In contrast in 25% of untreated cases this condition results in severe deformity of the hip joint. In these cases operative intervention may be required to improve the outcome.</p>
<p>It is important to note that from onset of Perthes’ disease i.e. necrosis stage until the lesion heals (healing stage) it may take up to 2-3 years. Regardless of the prognosis, the affected child is expected to experience intermittent pain and limping during this period until healing stage is reached.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#000066;">Treatment</span></strong> is not required for children with good prognosis. Good prognosis is indicated by the following clinical features:<br />
• Age less than 6 years at the onset of symptoms.<br />
• Less than 50% of head involvement.<br />
• No stiffness or shortening on examination.</p>
<p>On the other hand bad prognosis is indicated by the following clinical findings:<br />
• Age more than 7 years at the onset of symptoms.<br />
• More than 50% of head involvement.<br />
• Significant stiffness or shortening on examination.</p>
<p>In poor prognosis group operative intervention could improve the outcome. In general there are 2 class of operations available to treat Perthes&#8217;s disease: i) Containment, ii) Corrective Osteotomy.</p>
<p>Containment is most suitable for cases within the necrosis or fragmentation stages. During these early stages the femoral head remains malleable and the aim is to contain the femoral head deep within the acetabulum until healing occurs. The acetabulum which is hemispherical in shape helps to remodel the femoral head into a round shape. Varus femoral or pelvic osteotomy are the operations generally done for containment.</p>
<p>Corrective osteotomy is more suitable for cases that have entered the healing or remodelling stages. in these stages the femoral head deformity is unlikely to remodel by containment . Corrective osteotomy aims to address residual problems such limb shortening or limited abduction in the hip. the most popular type of osteotomy in this situation is usually a valgus lengthening osteotomy.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Progression of Perthes&#8217; Disease<br />
</span></strong><br />
<img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/perthes_3.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="104" /> <br />
<strong><span style="color:#ffff00;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Necrosis &#8211; Fragmentation &#8211; Healing &#8211; Remodelling</span></strong></span></p>
<hr noshade="noshade" /><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Natural History of Untreated Perthes&#8217; Disease<br />
</span></strong><br />
<img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/perthes_natural_history.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="165" /><br />
</span></p>
<hr noshade="noshade" /><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Less than 50% Head Involvement</span></strong></p>
<p><img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/perthes_4.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="195" /></span><br />
<hr noshade="noshade" /><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">More than 50% Head Involvement</span></strong><br />
<strong> </strong><br />
<img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/perthes_5.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="201" /></span> <span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Containment<br />
</span></strong></span><br />
<hr noshade="noshade" /><strong><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#ffffff;font-family:Times New Roman, Times, serif;">Valgus Lengthening Osteotomy<br />
</span></strong><br />
<img src="http://www.zadeh.co.uk/paediatricorthopaedics/perthes_6.jpg" alt="" width="295" height="139" /></p>
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<p>Information on this web site is provided for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. You should not use the information on this web site for diagnosing or treating a medical or health condition. You should carefully read all product packaging. If you have or suspect you have a medical problem, promptly contact your professional healthcare provider.<strong></strong></p>
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